Trademark Wars Might Be in the Future of Cuba
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- Business and Economy
- Politics and Government
- 09 / 06 / 2009
Cuban rum maestro Jose Navarro's taste buds sing when he sips Havana Club, the sweet spirit distilled in this farming town south of the capital.
"It has to be Cuban," said Mr. Navarro, the oldest of the island's nine certified rum experts. "Havana Club can't exist anywhere else."
Another Havana Club does exist, however, one made by Bermuda-based rum giant Bacardi Ltd. A variety of Cohiba cigars, once rolled exclusively for Fidel Castro, is produced by Swedish Match North America of Virginia, and a Miami firm offers its own version of Cubita, a top Cuban coffee.
Washington's 47-year-old trade embargo has kept Cuban products out of the U.S. -- but hasn't prevented companies from using the communist island's brand names.
As the U.S. and Cuba consider better ties, such trademark issues would have be settled before any easing of the embargo. The fight between Bacardi and the Cuban government for the Havana Club name already has played out in the U.S. courts and Congress for more than a decade -- and is now before Spain's high court.
The battles are about so much more than brand names. They are charged with 50 years of emotion over Fidel Castro's 1959 revolution and expropriation of private companies as he implemented socialism. They are also rooted in the future as U.S. corporations face the specter of new competition from Cuban products, which may carry a special allure after being banned for nearly a half century.
"There are U.S. interests thinking about how they are going to be affected by an influx of Cuban products, and the outlook is not always positive," said Jake Colvin, the director of the Washington-based USA Engage, which opposes the embargo.
Americans craving all things Cuban already can buy products inspired by the Caribbean island -- just not made there.
Bacardi's Havana Club is an 80-proof rum that has sold in Florida since 2006, and sales have been so strong, it's thinking of expanding the label to other states, said spokeswoman Patricia M. Neal.
Even though Cuba's Havana Club rum can't be sold in the U.S., the Cuban government still sued Bacardi for using the name.
Bacardi argues it owns the name because the original Havana Club was expropriated by Mr. Castro from its Cuban producers, the Arechabala family, who went into exile. Bacardi bought the name and recipe from the Arechabalas in 1997.
Cuba says it registered the Havana Club trademark in the U.S. in 1976 after the Arechabalas let their claim on it expire. It has sold the rum internationally since 1993 in a joint partnership with French spirits consortium Pernod Ricard.
So far, the U.S. courts have sided with Bacardi based on a 1998 federal law that prevents the registration or renewal of U.S. trademarks tied to companies nationalized by the Cuban government. Cuba has appealed its most recent case to the U.S. District Court of Appeals in Washington.
Meanwhile, Cuba's Havana Club is winning abroad. A Bacardi suit filed in a Spanish court against the Cuban government and Pernod Ricard over the trademark in that country was thrown out in 2007. Bacardi, too, has appealed, and the case is before the Spanish Supreme Court.
The true argument is over who can claim to produce authentic Cuban rum -- especially if the country opens up to global commerce.
Bacardi, a family-owned spirits conglomerate founded in Santiago, Cuba, in 1862, pioneered the light, dry smoothness that Cuban rum is now famous for, devising a charcoal-filter system and aging in oak barrels for added sweetness.
But the Bacardis joined the fiercely anti-Castro exile community in Miami after Mr. Castro nationalized the company in 1960. Havana Club, like all Bacardi rums, is made in Puerto Rico -- and says so on the bottle.
Still, Ms. Neal says her company's Havana Club transports consumers "back to the time it was created: sultry nights, classy nightclubs, and pulsating Latin music, enjoyed by locals and visitors alike."
Cuba and Pernod Ricard spent $70 million to rehabilitate a Havana Club distillery specializing in darker, higher-quality añejo rum in San Jose de Las Lajas.
"If I have a recipe, am I producing a Cuban rum? No. Cuban rum is not a recipe. It's an expression of an entire culture," Mr. Navarro said.
Even without the U.S. market -- 40 percent of world rum drinkers -- Cuban Havana Club has seen its annual sales soar 13 percent to 3.4 million cases. Bacardi's more than 200 brands and labels sell 20 million cases in 150 countries every year.
It's a debate that might ultimately be decided by consumers.
John Verburg, the manager at Cafe Habana in Ann Arbor, Mich., uses Barcardi to mix his mojitos, the famous Cuban cocktail of rum, sugar and mint. He is asked all the time when he will get rum "authentically from Cuba."
"I don't know if people are salivating yet," he said, "but it could be something very exciting."
The thought of competing with Cuba is keeping executives at Swedish Match North America up nights. The Richmond, Va., company owns General Cigar Inc., which has sold Dominican Republic-made Cohiba cigars in the U.S. since 1997.
"It's not the brand that's going to make the difference, it's whether it's Cuban or not," said Gerry Roerty, the company's vice president and general counsel. And smokers are willing to pay a premium for Cuban, he said.
Cohiba was founded in Cuba to make cigars for Mr. Castro and visiting dignitaries. Today it is the flagship of 27 premium brands produced by Habanos, equally owned by the government and Madrid-based Altadis SA, which was acquired last year by Britain's Imperial Tobacco Group PLC.
Cuba never registered its version of Cohibas in the U.S. but still sued General Cigar.
The U.S. Supreme Court sided with General Cigar, which has factories in the Dominican Republic and Honduras and produces versions of signature Cuban brands Partagas, Hoyo de Monterrey, Bolivar and Punch. It also makes the La Gloria Cubana, Rico Habano and Havana Honeys brands, which despite their names are unknown on the island.
U.S. industry estimates show 85 million Cuban cigars could be shipped to the U.S. annually in a post-embargo world, slashing profits for U.S. companies that sell about 255 million premium cigars a year.
Source: AP
"It has to be Cuban," said Mr. Navarro, the oldest of the island's nine certified rum experts. "Havana Club can't exist anywhere else."
Another Havana Club does exist, however, one made by Bermuda-based rum giant Bacardi Ltd. A variety of Cohiba cigars, once rolled exclusively for Fidel Castro, is produced by Swedish Match North America of Virginia, and a Miami firm offers its own version of Cubita, a top Cuban coffee.
Washington's 47-year-old trade embargo has kept Cuban products out of the U.S. -- but hasn't prevented companies from using the communist island's brand names.
As the U.S. and Cuba consider better ties, such trademark issues would have be settled before any easing of the embargo. The fight between Bacardi and the Cuban government for the Havana Club name already has played out in the U.S. courts and Congress for more than a decade -- and is now before Spain's high court.
The battles are about so much more than brand names. They are charged with 50 years of emotion over Fidel Castro's 1959 revolution and expropriation of private companies as he implemented socialism. They are also rooted in the future as U.S. corporations face the specter of new competition from Cuban products, which may carry a special allure after being banned for nearly a half century.
"There are U.S. interests thinking about how they are going to be affected by an influx of Cuban products, and the outlook is not always positive," said Jake Colvin, the director of the Washington-based USA Engage, which opposes the embargo.
Americans craving all things Cuban already can buy products inspired by the Caribbean island -- just not made there.
Bacardi's Havana Club is an 80-proof rum that has sold in Florida since 2006, and sales have been so strong, it's thinking of expanding the label to other states, said spokeswoman Patricia M. Neal.
Even though Cuba's Havana Club rum can't be sold in the U.S., the Cuban government still sued Bacardi for using the name.
Bacardi argues it owns the name because the original Havana Club was expropriated by Mr. Castro from its Cuban producers, the Arechabala family, who went into exile. Bacardi bought the name and recipe from the Arechabalas in 1997.
Cuba says it registered the Havana Club trademark in the U.S. in 1976 after the Arechabalas let their claim on it expire. It has sold the rum internationally since 1993 in a joint partnership with French spirits consortium Pernod Ricard.
So far, the U.S. courts have sided with Bacardi based on a 1998 federal law that prevents the registration or renewal of U.S. trademarks tied to companies nationalized by the Cuban government. Cuba has appealed its most recent case to the U.S. District Court of Appeals in Washington.
Meanwhile, Cuba's Havana Club is winning abroad. A Bacardi suit filed in a Spanish court against the Cuban government and Pernod Ricard over the trademark in that country was thrown out in 2007. Bacardi, too, has appealed, and the case is before the Spanish Supreme Court.
The true argument is over who can claim to produce authentic Cuban rum -- especially if the country opens up to global commerce.
Bacardi, a family-owned spirits conglomerate founded in Santiago, Cuba, in 1862, pioneered the light, dry smoothness that Cuban rum is now famous for, devising a charcoal-filter system and aging in oak barrels for added sweetness.
But the Bacardis joined the fiercely anti-Castro exile community in Miami after Mr. Castro nationalized the company in 1960. Havana Club, like all Bacardi rums, is made in Puerto Rico -- and says so on the bottle.
Still, Ms. Neal says her company's Havana Club transports consumers "back to the time it was created: sultry nights, classy nightclubs, and pulsating Latin music, enjoyed by locals and visitors alike."
Cuba and Pernod Ricard spent $70 million to rehabilitate a Havana Club distillery specializing in darker, higher-quality añejo rum in San Jose de Las Lajas.
"If I have a recipe, am I producing a Cuban rum? No. Cuban rum is not a recipe. It's an expression of an entire culture," Mr. Navarro said.
Even without the U.S. market -- 40 percent of world rum drinkers -- Cuban Havana Club has seen its annual sales soar 13 percent to 3.4 million cases. Bacardi's more than 200 brands and labels sell 20 million cases in 150 countries every year.
It's a debate that might ultimately be decided by consumers.
John Verburg, the manager at Cafe Habana in Ann Arbor, Mich., uses Barcardi to mix his mojitos, the famous Cuban cocktail of rum, sugar and mint. He is asked all the time when he will get rum "authentically from Cuba."
"I don't know if people are salivating yet," he said, "but it could be something very exciting."
The thought of competing with Cuba is keeping executives at Swedish Match North America up nights. The Richmond, Va., company owns General Cigar Inc., which has sold Dominican Republic-made Cohiba cigars in the U.S. since 1997.
"It's not the brand that's going to make the difference, it's whether it's Cuban or not," said Gerry Roerty, the company's vice president and general counsel. And smokers are willing to pay a premium for Cuban, he said.
Cohiba was founded in Cuba to make cigars for Mr. Castro and visiting dignitaries. Today it is the flagship of 27 premium brands produced by Habanos, equally owned by the government and Madrid-based Altadis SA, which was acquired last year by Britain's Imperial Tobacco Group PLC.
Cuba never registered its version of Cohibas in the U.S. but still sued General Cigar.
The U.S. Supreme Court sided with General Cigar, which has factories in the Dominican Republic and Honduras and produces versions of signature Cuban brands Partagas, Hoyo de Monterrey, Bolivar and Punch. It also makes the La Gloria Cubana, Rico Habano and Havana Honeys brands, which despite their names are unknown on the island.
U.S. industry estimates show 85 million Cuban cigars could be shipped to the U.S. annually in a post-embargo world, slashing profits for U.S. companies that sell about 255 million premium cigars a year.
Source: AP
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